SIKH BELIEFS
- Sikhs believe that there is one God.
- They believe that God is all powerful. The universe exists because God wills it. He made the universe for humans to enjoy.
- God is pure-being – without qualities.
- God is known to the people by the Gurus’ teaching. God is self-enlightened, so He is the enlightener. Humans needs the Gurus to lead the way to truth.
- Human beings come into edistencxe because it is God’s will.
- Birth and rebirth are caused because humans base their lives on desire, the process can be stopped by replacing objects of desire with devotion to God.
- Human beings are unique – within them is a divine spark, they have intellect, they have morality – but they still struggle to meet God.
- Human b eing s seek God but often do not find him.
- The Gurus are for everybody, they are messengers form God, God’s servants and enlighteners.
Ethical Basis of Sikhism
- The highest aim of ethical system of Sikhism is the performance of one’s duties to man and God.
- The teachings of Sikhism have a spiritual dimension that aims at the discovery and perfection of human soul.
- To understand the ethical ideal of Sikhism, one must understand the uniqueness and individuality of man.
- The nature of man can be described as dual, i.e. the higher and the lower; the one tends to lift him up, while the other tends to pull him down.
- The aim of one’s life is to conquer the lower nature by the higher.
- Man is therefore an ethical being having a moral responsibility.
Realism: - Sikhism looks upon the universe as real and recognizes all that is found in it.
- The seemingly destructive forces of Nature, if properly utilized by man, who is endowed with the power to understand and control them, can be transformed into sources of life.
- Ethically speaking, man is good and peaceful and peaceful by nature.
- Sikhism does not encourage monastic renunciation and self-obnegation.
- It aims at a progressive realization of the immense power of human soul.
- The ultimate aim of life is developing a personality with divine qualities which should -ulminate in perfect control of the self.
Sahaj as harmony
- The ethical ideal of Sikhism is to maintain the harmony between religion and life.
- It provides an ethical code of human behaviour which represents a very high yet perfectly attainable ideal.
- In other words, to become a good Sikh is to become a good man.
- It is humanness at its best.
- Morality and religion are intimately connected in the teachings of Guru Nanak.
- According to him, morality constitutes the primary test of a true religion.
- The intrinsic value of a religion is judged not by its metaphysical thoughts but by its ethical principles.
- In Sikhism, morality and religion are to be taken as instruments of creativeness.
- It is only by performing duties according to the moral laws that one can aspire to attain God’s grace & eventual union with Him.
- For Guru Nanak, enlightenment and true spirituality should inspire man to dedicate his life and genius for the service of humanity.
- He emphasized that every enlightened man or woman should cease to live for himself and devote his or her life for the upliftment of humanity.
- Morality is the foundation of Sikh religion.
- According to Guru Nanak, the following are moral virtues:
- Truth
- Implies truthfulness in mind, body and action.
- Practice of truth is more laudable than truth as a principle.
- Truth is higher than all things, but higher than truth is the truthful living.
- “Truth is a remedy of all ills & washes away all sins”.
- One must avoid falsity and remain truthful to others.
- Contentment (Santokh) is having no ambition, envy, greed or jealousy.
- One must abide by the Will of God and, in that state, pleasure or pain makes no difference to him.
- Such a man is above ordinary happiness and misery.
Compassion (Daya) generates feeling to help & serve others.
- Service to mankind is service to God because the spirit of the Infinite resides in every soul.
Charity (Daas) means giving away things without any expectation or reward.
- It is compassion, which generates charitable disposition among men.
- In Sikhism, charity is invariably associated with tranquility, humility and disinterestedness.
- It should not be construed or confused with begging.
- Begging, as a means to earn daily bread, is strictly taboo.
Purity (Shuddhi or Snan) of body and mind.
- Inner purity is more important thanpurity of the body.
Forgiveness (khama) means pardoning an offender out of compassion and love for him.
- Forgiveness generates compassion and compassion encourages the concept of peace, tranquility, humility and cooperation in men, which checks the tendency of men for supremacy over other fellowmen.
Humility (Garibi) – In perfect humility all selfishness disappears and the soul no longer lives for itself.
- Everyone who humbles himself is exalted in spirit.
Tolerance (Sabr) – To accept truth, whatever it is, and no matter where it comes from, even to die for the religious views of others.
Non-Injury (Ahimsa) – According to Guru Nanak, when a man commits a sin, if it does not harm the social balance, we should overlook it.
- Cruelty to all living beings, men and animals, is decried.
Inspired Optimism (Chardi Kala)
- It means that everything should be faced and accepted in cheerful spirit as the Will of God.
- The knowledge of moral virtues expounded by the teachings of Guru Nanak gives an idea of the moral vices.
- According to Guru Nanak moral vices are:
Falsity or lack of truthfulness; taking resort to dishonesty, injustice & unrighteousness; egoism; lack of humility; intolerance; discontent; lack of self-control; affliction of men and animals by thought, word and deed; remaining discontented in mind under the sway of greed, envy or jealously; impurity of mind and body; intolerance of other’s beliefs and practices; falling a prey to the passions and instincts; pessimism; lack of self-dependence.
Social Mores:
- Sikhism aims at an integration of the individual with the life of the community.
- While developing individual morality, social morality, must be developed with connotes that individual must work for the sake of society and if morality is social, the social machinery has to bring about the fullness and quality of life.
- Therefore, an individual must strive for the ideal for social good.
- The standard of value must be welfare of the society
- The motive force of conduct should not only be individual responsibility to God, but also social obligations.
- The difference between individual morality and social morality is:-
-Individual morality is a private matter between the individual and his maker
-Social morality asks individuals to find God in their fellowmen.
- In order to achieve this objective what is required is an ideal society and ideal environments where the individuals should find best opportunities for all-round development of his self on the one hand, and identification of his interest with, and development of the society on the other.
- Human conduct is socially conditioned.
- Man does not live only for himself, but he lives with others and for others
- Therefore, he must have social morals.
- The chief characteristics of social morality, promoted by Sikhisms are:
- Firstly, every individual must be inspired by the belief that he is capable of developing a personality with divine qualities which should culminate in perfect control of the self under the guidance of the teachings of the Gurus.
- Secondly, every individual must strive to integrate his life with the life of the society in which he lives.
- Thirdly, an invididual is not an isolated, separate being.
- He lives physically and mentally in and through an environment.
- The ideal he should strive for is the development of the environment for his own as well as for the social good.
- Lastly, the standard of ethical value must be the welfare of the society and the moral principles must promote the ends of the society at large.
- Right from the beginning, the Gurus of the Sikhs have inculcated ethical principles to promote ocial morals among their adherents.
- Guru Nanak introduced “Satsong” or holy congregation, to promote fellowship, amity and brotherhood among the members of the community.
- He also introduced ‘Langar’ (free kitchen) where the great and the small, the rich and the poor, people drawn from diverse strata of society could partake the same food.
- ‘Langar’ also generated the feeling of equality, simplicity, fellow feeling and service.
- Guru Arjun Dev exhorted all Sikhs to set aside one-tenth of their income, ‘Daswand’, for the Guru, and for the welfare of the less-privileged members of the community.
- Guru Govind Singh propounded a strict moral code for the faithful where he enjoined upon them to protect the unprotected, respect the women and fight corruption and tyranny perpetrated by whomsoever & wheresoever.
Sharing (The principle of Wand Chhakna)
- To share with others who are less fortunate and unable to help themselves is one of the cardinal fundamentals of Sikhism which underlines the ethical rule for rendering self-less service where needed for the good of the society.
Chastity
- Chastity or continence, is emphasized in Sikhism, because in the human body lies the divine presence and as such, the body has to be kept and perfect.
- Those things which harm the body or cause sickness and disease have to be avoided.
- Pre-marital or extra-marital sex is forbidden to a Sikh.
- He should consider females older to him as his mother, equal to him as a sister, and younger than him as a daughter.
- He should never entertain evil thoughts in the company of women.
- Marriage is a sacrament and the purpose is companionship & help on the spiritual, path rather than sexual enjoyment.
- Monogamy is the rule in Sikhism.
- In order to avoid evil thoughts, one should keep away from obscene books, nasty plays and films and sexy music.
- Drinking of alcoholic beverages and wines or the wearing of scanty or flashy dresses together is prohibited for the Sikhs.
- Thus, the ethical objective of Sikhism is not only a holy life for an individual but also an ideal life for the society.
- Sikhism exhorts its adherents to maintain the harmony between religion and life, and develop materially and spiritually, to the advantage of the society.